South Korea has more than 1,000 robots for every 10,000 factory workers, the densest on earth.
Industrial robots per 10,000 manufacturing employees, 2023. The global average is 162.
- South Korea built its wealth on a few export champions in chips, cars and shipbuilding, where production lines are huge and standardised, exactly the work robots do best.
- Korean firms make many of the robots themselves, so installing them at home is cheaper than for rivals who import.
- A shrinking, ageing workforce gives Korean factories a hard reason to replace hands with arms.
Automation is not spreading evenly, it is pooling. A handful of countries are pulling decades ahead on the factory floor, and the gap with everyone else is widening, not closing.